Nitration of Methyl Benzoate

Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Introduction: Nitration is an example of an electrophile aromatic substitution reaction, where nitro (NO2) group is being substituted for a hydrogen on an aromatic compound. This is achieved by the formation of the nitronium ion by protonation of nitric acid from sulfuric acid. The zirconium ion is a strong electrophile and can react with aromatic compound such as Methyl benzoate to form an arenium ion intermediate. The arenium ion is then depronated to reform the aromatic ring and yield the final product with the newly attached nitro group.Reaction: ? Table of Physical Contents: Procedure: Obtain an ice bath. 12 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was gathered, cooled to 0 degrees Celsius, and put in a 125-ml Erlenmeyer flash. Then 6. 1g of methyl benzoate was added. Then cooled in an ice bath to 0-10 degrees Celsius. A Pasteur pipette was used to add a cooled mixture of 4-mL of concentrated sulfuric acid and 4-mL of concentrated nitric acid. ? Figure 1: H ow to properly use a Pasteur pipette The mixture was then swirled frequently and maintained a temperature of 5C-15C. Figure 2: Swirling the mixture After all of the nitric acid was added the mixture was then warmed to room temperature. After 15 minutes, it was then poured into a 250-mL. The solid product was isolated by suction filtration using a small Buchner funnel. ? Figure3: Labeled vacuum filtration ? Figure 4: Carefully scraping out the crystals A small amount of sample was saved and weighed. Results: ? Figure 5: NMR of the product ? Discussion/Conclusion: The melting point of the recrystallized product was 73-78 degrees Celsius.This was very accurate to that of the book. In this experiment, methyl benzoate went through an electrophilic substitution reaction to form Mehyl-m-nitro benzoate, where a NO2 group was added to the methyl benzoate in the meta position. Nitric acid is not a strong enough electrophile to react with the aromatic benzene ring, but the zirconium ion with t he positive charge on the nitrogen is a strong electrophile and can react with the double bond of the methyl benzoate. The experiment was an overall success.The H NMR data successfully confirmed that the experiment was done correctly. Substances Formula Weight g/mol Quantity Moles Used Mole Ratio Boiling Point Melting Point Density g/mL Concentrated Nitric Acid 63. 01 0. 5mL 1. 192 x 10^-2 N/A N/A 121 1. 5027 Concentrated Sulfuric Acid 98. 08 1. 6mL 3. 0 x 10^-2 N/A N/A N/A 1. 841 Ethanol 46. 07 2-3mL N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Methyl Benzoate 136. 15 0. 55g 4. 039x 10^-3 1 to 1 113-115 N/A N/A Methyl Nitro- Benzoate 181. 13 Product N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

How I Would Change The Immigration Healthcare Reform Essay

The debate over a comprehensive healthcare package has continued to rage on even after Obama signed the healthcare reform bill on May 4, 2010. Decades of rift and bad blood had finally culminated in the legislation of the healthcare reform. The stage is now set for the implementation of the long awaited savior of the masses. However, the healthcare reform package is not to be entirely loved, in as much as there is conflict in the aspect of immigration and healthcare provision, and the issue of immigrants and denied access to health insurance cannot be over sighted- at least for the illegal ones. That illegal immigrants would not be included in the federal health insurance scheme is a time bomb waiting to explode, as even documented immigrants were shorn of access to Medicaid in their first five years of residence, in the past. One can argue that it would not be right for tax payers to subsidize healthcare benefits for illegal immigrants who probably contribute less to the national income, but what about those who are earning well and have a secure source of livelihood. Whether â€Å"well to do† illegal immigrants would be allowed to purchase their insurance on the health insurance exchange is another matter to consider. As the keyword of this tenure has been change, there should be no frets when I put myself in the shoes of the president on how I would change the immigration healthcare reform. The fact is that, depriving illegal immigrants’ access to healthcare insurance would only increase numbers in emergency rooms, invariably service provision and pressure on resources. In view of this, I would allow illegal immigrants to access full government healthcare benefits, and if that is so difficult, I would permit those that have the financial capacity to purchase their healthcare insurance outright. After all, good healthcare should be available to everyone.

Compare and contrast Blake and Wordsworth’s view of London Essay

The poets Blake and Wordsworth both wrote poems about England’s capital city, London. The poets themselves each came from different backgrounds which may have influenced their view of London. Wordsworth was born and brought up in the Lake District and spent the majority of his life there, which may have led him to concentrate on the natural features of London. In contrast Blake was more aware of the industry and poverty of the capital City. He had lived all his life in London, receiving little formal schooling and even witnessing the death of his brother from consumption. Wordsworth’s poem â€Å"Composed upon Westminster Bridge† presents a calm and relaxed view looking across the water and the city. He writes about what he sees and views London as a majestic royal palace. Wordsworth reflects upon his subject with deep felt emotion, seeing it as a spiritual place of peace. â€Å"Dull would be the soul who could pass by, a sight so touching in its majesty†. He describes a special morning when the city seems to be asleep and is in awe of the tranquillity â€Å"never saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!†. Wordsworth is therefore commenting on the natural beauty that he sees rather than the daily life behind this scene. In contrast Blake’s poem is entitled â€Å"London†. Talking directly about the city itself it is the account of a person walking down the street saying what he sees. He is more concerned with the people who make up the City. Instead of seeing beauty he sees pain in the emotions of the people he meets. â€Å"In every cry of every man†. Blake concentrates on the oppression and poverty of the city. He blames the Church and authorities for their lack of attention and care for the people of London. â€Å"Every blackening Church appals†. The tone of the poem shows a lack of awareness; some safe inside while pain goes on outside, â€Å"and the hapless soldier’s sigh runs in blood down Palace walls†. In keeping with this pessimistic view, Blake’s poem is structured in a methodical and measured tone. It is written to a steady beat in four stanzas. This has the feel of a walking pace as he wanders around the city viewing its misery. Blake uses repetition to emphasise his point â€Å"in every cry, in every voice†. It is a formal bleak approach giving the bare facts as he sees them. Wordsworth’s poem is altogether more flamboyant. As a ‘romantic’ poet he writes this poem in the form of a sonnet. This style is mainly used in ‘love’ poetry. This structure emphasises the way Wordsworth concentrates on the physical aspects Wordsworth views around him. One line flows into another in an informal way. It is descriptive and reflective but does not attempt to look beyond the outward appearance â€Å"all bright and glittering in the smokeless air†. Wordsworth as a rich man, the son of a lawyer, views London on face value. He looks down upon the city from his lofty position unaware of the poverty below. His tone is full of grandeur â€Å"earth has not anything to show more fair†. He feels moved in his spirit and in harmony with his environment. Wordsworth’s tone is full of wonder, focusing on the magnificent buildings and seeing the city itself as a living being full of emotion. Blake expresses his feelings of frustration and sadness. He describes â€Å"chartered† streets and â€Å"chartered† Thames, which emphasises how everything has been taken over and oppressed. He comes from a lower middle class background; the son of a hosier and the tone of this poem expresses his awareness of the poverty around him â€Å"marks of weakness, marks of woes†. This sadness turns to aggression as the poem proceeds, criticising the Church and even the corruption of marriage. â€Å"And blights with plagues the marriage hearse†. There is a hopelessness and desperation expressed within this poem. Blake refers to â€Å"mind-forged manacles†, the metaphorical chains in which the people’s minds are held. This is typical of the negative images used throughout. The one beat rhythm and child-like tone emphasises the steady march towards an inescapable fate. This language underlines the lack of control which people have, their lives grinding out a pre-set pattern. Everything is â€Å"owned† – each chartered street. Even the Church is â€Å"blackening†, sinful, cruel, with a lack of purity and care. The oxymoron â€Å"marriage hearse† shows the conflict within society – the hypocrisy of marriage whilst poverty encourages prostitution to flourish â€Å"the youthful harlot’s curse†. The words are stark and shocking, exaggerating the problem to gain our attention â€Å"blasts the new-born infant’s tear†. The language used by Wordsworth is full of splendour â€Å"never did the sun more beautifully steep†. He paints pictures with his words, using the images of the â€Å"shining sun†, the â€Å"gliding river† the â€Å"beauty of the morning†. He extends a simile of the city by personifying it as clothed in sleep. â€Å"The city now doth like a garment where the beauty of the morning, silent, bare†. Wordsworth creates a feeling of awe and wonder at the beauty of creation. He uses the metaphor of the city like a â€Å"mighty heart lying still†. The sounds evoked by Wordsworth poem are very peaceful and calm â€Å"the river glideth†, â€Å"the morning silent†. In contrast Blake uses sharp sounds which are onomatopoeic in nature – â€Å"blasts†, â€Å"curse†, â€Å"cry†. He uses a strong heavy rhythm emotive of the oppression felt with repetitive force â€Å"and mark in every face I meet, marks of weakness, marks of woe†. The tone of Wordsworth’s poem is soft and lilting â€Å"a sight so touching†, â€Å"a calm so deep†. This is set against the harsh cry of Blake’s London. The approach used by these two writers promotes a different response from the reader. Wordsworth’s flowery imagery encourages a warm view of London. He is optimistic in his approach, concentrating as he does upon the immediate sights and sounds of a peaceful morning scene. Blake however conjures up a feeling of misery for the plight of the people of London locked in a prison of poverty which he blames on the â€Å"establishment† who have no care for their situation. Blake concentrates on social injustice, perhaps borne out of his own upbringing, whilst Wordsworth seems unaware of anything but the natural beauty of the environment and not its inhabitants. Two seemingly different views of one city seen from varying perspectives.

Disussion thread for Week 2, 3, and 4 Assignment

Disussion thread for Week 2, 3, and 4 - Assignment Example Ken is a competent nurse. Patients, hospital administration and physicians are passionate about his job. Therefore, it is recommendable to find a solution for him to prevent endangering patient’s life. Ken’s situation is of interest because his primary role is to provide patient safety. However, alcohol abuse hinders his efficiency and effectiveness in role. Therefore, there is a need for a remedy. Ken is a victim of alcohol abuse because of various reasons. He is stressed by domestic problems which makes him report to work drunk. He does not relate well to his co-workers that makes him lonely at the workplace. Therefore, it is the obligation of the hospital management to help Ken adjust to the problem. Last week a patient reported that he is not getting any relief from the pain medication that Ann had administered earlier. After contacting Ann, she was impaired in the Emergency Department and became upset by the interrogation on why the patient was complaining. She had injected herself with the drug. It is unethical for Ann to abuse a patient’s prescription. The use of prescription drugs results in either slow patient recovery or death, which is a medical negligence and malpractice hence unethical (Thomas & Siela, 2011). Primary care for patient safety is a significant purpose for nurse functions. Nurses should perform their duties with the moral code of conduct in utmost proficiency. Therefore, medical malpractice is a nuisance and unethical hence Ann’s behavior is a matter of concern that requires a remedy. Ann’s unethical behavior is caused by personal and workplace factors. Using patient’s prescription enables her relieve herself from stress and workplace conflicts. The act, however, is risky and unjustified to uphold patient safety, which is the primary function of a hospital. A scope of practice refers to the expert activities defined under state law. The scope of practice for a nurse is determined by each state’s nurse practice act.

Thinking Like An Economist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thinking Like An Economist - Essay Example Thus, trade barriers will reduce market efficiency. The reason is simple that the comparative advantage that is there in free trade system will be lost and the economies will have to produce each and everything for themselves which will not allow for specialization and the benefits gained from it. Each country has specific resources in form of labor, capital, technology and knowledge (skill) and these resources can be used to produce certain type of goods better than other type of goods. Thus, if each country is able to recognize what it can produce best, the whole world will benefit by producing only what it excels others at producing and exchanging that with nations that produce other things that they excel at thus allowing for larger number of each good produced for the same amount of resources. Other positives of free trade system include greater variety of goods and services, efficient use of the scarce resources and a greater competition for the domestic industry. Therefore, we can say that since having trade barriers causes the economy to produce inside its maximum potential with given amount of resources, that is, the production possibilities frontier, a reduction in trade barriers would mean production moving closer to the production possibilities frontier. ... Q.2) An economy that is producing inside the production possibilities frontier is not realizing its full potential and there is a room for betterment. Such a situation, where the economy does not operate at its full potential arises in two situations: 1) when the economy is unable to employ all its resources of production, for example, labor available but not employed; 2) misallocation of resources. The production possibilities frontier tells us the maximum quantity of two products that can be produced using the current amount of resources. However, if available resources are not fully utilized, the output will be less than the full potential. Using 4 out of 5 machines available due to fuel shortage can be another example of underutilization of available resources. Misallocation of resources happens when an economy starts producing goods that it does not specialize in. This will require the particular nation to use comparatively more resources to produce the same amount of that good than a nation who has comparative advantage in producing that good. Had the nation employed the same resources in producing the other goods that it specializes in, the economy would have been better off by being on or closer to the production possibilities curve. The inefficient use of resources implies that the economy could be producing more without adding a single unit of labor or capital by allocating resources efficiently on the basis of comparative advantage (Tregarthen & Rittenberg, Chapter 2: Confronting Scarcity: Choices in Production, 2009). Q.3) Economic growth refers to the state where the production possibilities curve of an economy expands or shifts outwards. This means that the economy is able to produce more with the given amount of resources than it

An Analysis of Contingent Liabilities and Assets Essay

An Analysis of Contingent Liabilities and Assets - Essay Example It will first examine the link between uncertain transactions and mainstream accounting, will review the rules pertaining to the recognition of contingent assets and liabilities and examine the similarities and differences with US accounting standards.Purpose of IAS 37 A provision is a charge against profits for the purpose of offsetting liability or loss (Hanif, 2005). From this definition, there are three possible reasons why these provisions would be made: 1. For liabilities and changes like provision for income tax. 2. For valuation adjustments for fixed assets like the provision for income tax. 3. For valuation adjustments for current assets like the provision for bad and uncertain debts (Hanif, 2005). Contingent liabilities and their position in financial accounting have a strong connection with recognition (Robinson, 2008). Recognition is the process of incorporating items that meet the definition of elements in financial statements (asset, liabilities, equity, income and expe nses) into the balance sheet or income statement (Robinson, 2008). The fundamental requirement for recognition is probability and measured reliability (Arboleda & Bessis, 2011). In other words, for a transaction to become an element in a financial statement, it must have a high chance of being carried out. It should also be measured reliably. Porter and Norton (2010) explain that recognition occurs when an economic event is recognised by words (e.g. cash, numbers, amount), can be measured by attribute (i.e. historical cost concept) and by unit (i.e. currency). Although some items are easy to recognise, such as cash and bank balances, other provisions are not so easy to recognise and can be carried into the financial statement. These provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or amount (Alexander et al., 2007), i.e. they do not fit the orthodox criteria for recognition. A contingent liability is a present obligation that involves a possible outflow, which has no reliable estimate (Alexander et al., 2007). A contingent asset, on the other hand, is an asset whose economic benefit depends solely on future events outside the control of the company (Investopedia, 2012). IAS 37 is meant to ensure that the proper recognition criteria and measurements are applied to provisions made for contingent assets and liabilities (Ernst & Young, 2011). It encourages significant disclosure in financial statements in relation to nature, timing and amounts (Ernst & Young, 2011). The IAS makes a distinction between provisions and contingent liabilities. In other words, not all contingent liabilities need a corresponding provision to be created for them. Contingent liabilities are not recognised as liabilities because they are only possible and confirmation of payments occurs only after action is taken by an external entity. Second, they are present obligations that either do not meet recognition standards or no reliable estimation system exists for them. As such, it would be wron g and potentially fraudulent to recognise them. In the Deloitte textbook (2012), three examples are given to clarify the different types of liabilities in relation to contingent liabilities/assets. When goods are received and invoices are issued for them, they can be recognised as trade payables or debtors because there is no degree of uncertainty. They are assets. If goods are received

The Effects of Migration on the Labor Market in Bucharest Research Paper

The Effects of Migration on the Labor Market in Bucharest - Research Paper Example This research will also be descriptive and explanatory because descriptive data will be collected from the internet, businesses, individuals and journals on the subject area. The effects of migration on the labour market in Romania are an interesting topic for discussion, given the country's recent accession into the European Union (EU) in 2007 (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006). For instance, Romania is considered to have a high percentage of low-cost labour, which would affect other EU members' labour markets (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006), however, the greater issue is that of the highly skilled market. It's accession into the EU also meant that the labour market in Romania had to become flexible in order to meet market demands and development (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006), but this was a task on its own given the low cost base. Between the years 2000 and 2004, Romania experienced an increase in unemployment of 5% which was attributed to its policies of limiting real wage adjustment at a time of employment decline (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006). ... This increase in unemployment could be attributed to the non-employment of various groups within the community, such as women and those in their old age. For instance, in the UK and other countries it is widely accepted that women make up the bulk of the part time working industry. However, the World Bank (2004) reports that the participation of women in the labour market, has declined due to feeling discouraged with the lack of employment opportunities. This demonstrates that the labour market in Romania, is probably one which caters for a select few. In addition to this, the labour market is threatened with decline as Romania is experiencing a negative population trend (World Bank 2004) which further depletes the labour pool. This brief background to Romania's labour market is particularly important for studies into the hotel and hospitality industry which are labour intensive industries. The hotel industry will depend largely on the tourist potential of Romania, which it already has, in the form of protected national parks, the Black Sea coast and other eco-heritage sites. However, the flow of tourists to the country is low (Pop et al 2007) which means that the hotel industry is not operating at its peak capacity. The implications this has for labour is that, more employees are made redundant, as well as job positions due to a long-term decline in business. The other implication is that, the hotel industry ceases to become a desirable employment destination. It can be argued that other countries have periods of low activity and low hotel occupancy, however, the hotel industry thrives in other countries because of the level of